Initially many used artificial stone or concrete, sometimes painted, but "authentic" weathered stone came to be preferred. Firms could supply complete rockeries, at great expense. Rock gardens dedicated to growing alpine plants came to prominence in England from about the 1830s, and soon became a considerable craze. Pulhamite waterfall in Albion Place Gardens, Ramsgateĭuring the Golden Age of Botany (early 1700s – mid-1800s), there was widespread interest in exotic plants imported to England and other European countries. This phase lasted from the late 17th century into the early 19th. They were created in a similar spirit to the fashionable shell grotto. Initially European artificial rockeries did not attempt to mimic natural scenes, and used exotic minerals such as feldspars, lava, and shells, with the plants chosen without a programme, though often including ferns. Suseok are the Korean equivalent the smaller Japanese suiseki are normally for indoor display. In China, large scholar's rocks, preferably soft rocks such as limestone worn in river beds or waterfalls into fantastic shapes, were transported long distances to imperial and elite gardens. The use of rocks as decorative and symbolic elements in gardens can be traced back at least 1,500 years in Chinese and Japanese gardens. Until the fairly recent past the removal for gardening purposes of both plants and stone from their natural wild locations has resulted in considerable problems, and many are now legally protected English Westmorland limestone pavement is one example. Other Chinese and Japanese gardens use rocks, singly or in groups, with more plants, and often set in grass, or next to flowing water. The Japanese rock garden, or dry garden, often referred to as a "Zen garden", is a special kind of rock garden with a few large rocks, and gravel over most of the surface, often raked in patterns, and no or very few plants. The same approach is sometimes used in commercial or modern-campus landscaping but can also be applied in smaller private gardens. This type of rockery was popular in Victorian times and usually created by professional landscape architects. Stones are aligned to suggest a bedding plane, and plants are often used to conceal the joints between said stones. Some are designed and built to look like natural outcrops of bedrock. Some rock gardens are planted around natural outcrops of rock, perhaps with some artificial landscaping, but most are entirely artificial, with both rocks and plants brought in. Western rock gardens are often divided into alpine gardens, scree gardens on looser, smaller stones, and other rock gardens. Usually these are small Alpine plants that need relatively little soil or water. Seiganji in Maibara, Shiga prefecture, JapanĪ rock garden, also known as a rockery and formerly as a rockwork, is a garden, or more often a part of a garden, with a landscaping framework of rocks, stones, and gravel, with planting appropriate to this setting.
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